Buoyancy-Latent Heat Reconstructed Energy Gain-Challenging the Thermodynamic Conservation Boundary

Classical thermodynamics posits that in an isolated system, energy cannot be created or destroyed. However, in this study, an experimental setup based on a buoyancy-gravity-driven cycle using phase-change refrigerant (R134a) was constructed in an insulated isolated system. The phenomenon where the system's input heat is less than the output heat was observed for the first time. The input heat power was 60W, and the output heat power was 145W, resulting in an energy gain ratio of 2.42 times, with the total environmental heat exchange amount being less than 2%. The authors propose that this phenomenon arises from the traditional conservation laws confusing phase-change latent heat and buoyant force. The actual energy expression should be Eout = Ein + ρVgh. The experiment simulates the atmospheric circulation process and derives the total energy generated by the rising water vapor and the rainfall process, which far exceeds solar radiation heat. This further suggests that there exists an energy proliferation mechanism in the Earth's and planetary energy systems that is not covered by traditional theories. The results of this study prompt a reconsideration of the boundary conditions of the first law of thermodynamics and provide a new theoretical framework for energy technology, atmospheric science, and astrophysics.