Ectoparasitic infestations of backyard chicken and the associated health impacts in resource-constrained communities of Nigeria

The economic and health impacts of chicken ectoparasitic infestations are raising significant concerns. Developing control strategies requires understanding the epidemiological profiles and perspectives of poultry owners. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and associated health impact of ectoparasitic infestation of backyard chickens in resource-poor communities of Nigeria. Of 354 (38.4% male and 61.5% female) chickens screened, 39 (11.0%) were infested (11.5% and 14.4% were male and female, respectively). Infestation is most common in chicks at least 3 months old. More than 11% of the infested chickens are lethargic due to severe infestation. Four species of lice, Menacanthus strimineus , (38.5%) followed by Menopon gallinae (22.0%), Liperus caponis (17.6%), and Goniodes gigas (4.4%) were identified. Dermanyssus gallinae was the only mite species found on the infested chicken, accounting for 17.6% of the total ectoparasites. Multiple infestations are common among female chickens, and a frequent combination is M. strimineus , M. gallinae , and D. gallinae . Chicken keepers signified unpleasant sensations and discomfort as public health consequences experienced while working near the infested chicken, and infestation is the leading cause of death of the affected chicks. Chicken owners have reported that local materials such as hot ash, palm kernel oil, and plants including Citrus sinensis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus exasperata , and Bridella micrantha are effective in mitigating the transmission of infestations. However, there is limited knowledge about the mode of action and suitable application methods. This research emphasizes the occurrence and health implications of ectoparasitic infestations in poultry, as well as their potential public health risks for those working near these animals. Thus, concerted actions are necessary to prevent future zoonotic transmission of ectoparasites.