Addressing Pesticide-Related Suicides in Low-Income Countries: A cross-sectional study in Tanzania.

Introduction: Pesticides are a significant cause of poisoning tragically also leading to suicides globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where agriculture is a primary livelihood. In 2019, the global suicide rate was 9.0 per 100,000, with pesticide self-poisoning representing a major method of suicide in LMICs which have substantial parts of the population depending on agriculture for their income, particularly in Africa. This study aims to assess the status of pesticide poisoning and suicide in Tanzania, addressing gaps in treatment, management, and reporting. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in five regions of Tanzania—Mwanza, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, and Arusha—known for intensive agricultural activities. Data from Regional Referral and District Hospitals were reviewed for confirmed pesticide poisoning cases from January 2017 to November 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed reported cases, while unreported and unrelated poisonings were excluded. A comprehensive record review was undertaken, collecting demographic, clinical, and treatment information. Results and discussion The analysis revealed 636 reported cases of pesticide poisoning, with Mwanza accounting for 31.8% of incidents. Males constituted approximately 63.5% of the cases, and the majority (64.9%) were intentional exposures, often linked to suicide attempts. Organophosphates were identified as the most common pesticide agents, responsible for 34% of cases. The findings highlighted regional disparities, with significant variations in poisoning rates correlating with agricultural practices and socio-economic factors. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted preventive action interventions in Tanzania. Mental health support and regulatory measures to restrict access to highly hazardous pesticides are crucial. Education on safe pesticide handling can mitigate both intentional and unintentional poisonings. The findings align with global trends, emphasizing the importance of understanding local contexts to develop effective public health strategies. Conclusion Pesticide poisoning remains a critical public health issue in the largely agricultural society of Tanzania, necessitating comprehensive approaches to regulation, education, and mental health support. Addressing the multifaceted causes of pesticide-related suicides will contribute to improved health outcomes and align with sustainable development goals.