Forced Convection of Cu–GO/Blood Hybrid Nanofluid in a Square Cavity under Transverse Magnetic Field

This investigation presents a magneto-thermal analysis of hybrid nanofluid flow within a square cavity filled with blood as the base fluid, suspended with copper (Cu) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles. The enclosure is subject to differential heating, where the horizontal walls are adiabatic and the vertical walls are maintained at constant but distinct temperatures, generating a thermally driven convective flow. The upper wall is heated (\(\:{T}_{h}\)), and the sidewalls are kept at a lower temperature (\(\:{T}_{c}\)), introducing anisotropic thermal gradients. A uniform transverse magnetic field is applied to examine its damping influence on electrically conducting bio-nanofluid motion via Lorentz force interaction. The combined effect of the thermally stratified field, gravity-induced motion, and magnetic suppression is thoroughly examined for its impact on heat transport characteristics, entropy generation, and flow structure. The governing equations are solved using + finite difference technique. To quantify the heat transfer enhancement, the average Nusselt number along the hot wall is computed and analyzed graphically against variations in magnetic field strength (Ha), nanoparticle volume fraction, and Reynolds number. The results reveal that increasing magnetic field intensity suppresses convective currents, leading to a decline in average Nusselt number, while hybrid nanoparticle loading enhances thermal performance. This coupled interaction between magnetic suppression and hybrid enhancement mechanisms underlines a novel approach in optimizing biomedical thermal management through nanofluid engineering. The presented configuration introduces a novel biomimetic approach to advanced biomedical thermal regulation, targeted drug delivery systems, and lab-on-chip technologies under external electromagnetic control.