Genomic Diversity and Climate-Driven Habitat Shifts of the Endemic Shrub Sophora moorcroftiana in Xizang

Background Sophora moorcroftiana (Benth.) Baker is a leguminous shrub species endemic to Xizang, adapted to arid and alpine environments. Despite its ecological significance, little is known about its genomic diversity and adaptive potential under climate change. Methods We performed whole-genome resequencing (WGRS) of 180 individuals across nine provenances, combined with ecological niche modeling (MaxEnt). Genetic diversity indices, population structure, selective sweeps, and climatic drivers were analyzed. Results Approximately 28 million high-quality SNPs were identified, revealing structured genetic variation. The Taktse and Lhundup populations exhibited the highest diversity, while Sangzhuzi showed the lowest. Selective sweep analysis identified genes involved in folate biosynthesis and secondary metabolism. MaxEnt models projected northward habitat shifts under climate change, with temperature seasonality and precipitation as key drivers. Conclusions This study provides the first genome-wide insight into the genetic diversity and adaptive potential of S. moorcroftiana . The results highlight the conservation value of Taktse and Lhundup populations for germplasm preservation and climate-resilient restoration strategies.