Impact Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on Microbial Community Structure, Nutrient Digestibility, and Growth Performance in Pre-Weaning Buffalo Calves

The digestive system is vital for nutrient metabolism and immune defense, with gut microbiota playing a key role. Sodium butyrate (SB) influences gut health in young ruminants, but its effects on microbial ecology in pre-weaning Egyptian buffalo calves remain unclear. This study evaluates SB supplementation’s impact on gut microbiota composition, nutrient digestibility, growth, and physiological markers, aiding sustainable livestock management. Live body weight, blood biochemical markers (glucose and triglycerides), and ruminal and fecal samples were analyzed at 60 days for microbial and fermentation profiles. Results revealed that SB significantly increased microbial richness, with the SB45 group showing 3,555 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), compared to 1,356 in controls. A decline in Proteobacteria, an increase in Spirochaetota, and enrichment of genera like Succinivibrio and Prevotella_7 contributed to propionate and butyrate production was observed. The SB45 group demonstrated improved growth, with higher final body weight and daily gains (P < 0.05), as well as better fiber digestibility. Elevated glucose and triglycerides indicated enhanced energy metabolism, while fecal microbial analysis suggested increased microbial efficiency. These findings highlight SB’s potential to support gut health, optimize nutrient utilization, and promote growth, offering a sustainable alternative to antibiotics. Further research on long-term effects and optimal dosing is recommended.