The gut–brain axis in neurodegenerative disorders: Evaluating the therapeutic potential of probiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation

Background : The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a two-way communication mechanism that links the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system. Studies suggest that dysbiosis in the gut microbiota has a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Objective: This review aims to synthesize current studies on the impact of the gut-brain axis (GBA) on neurodegeneration and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of therapies aimed at microbiota, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Methods : A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted utilizing the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to ascertain pertinent preclinical and clinical research published between 2010 to 2024. Results : These findings suggest that dysbiosis in the gut microbiota may initiate neuroinflammation and aberrant protein folding, hence undermining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. While probiotic research has shown moderate enhancements in cognitive metrics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) presents a more extensive, yet little investigated, approach to altering gut microbiome composition and potentially impacting disease progression. Conclusion : Interventions aimed at the intestinal microbiota present significant novel therapeutic pathways for the management of neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive, meticulously designed clinical studies to validate therapeutic efficacy, establish uniform treatment procedures, and guarantee patient safety over prolonged durations.