Silent Separation and Its Impact on Depression and Family Life: Development and Validation of the Silent Separation Scale (SSS)

Purpose This study aims to conceptualize and measure silent separation, a phenomenon of emotionally disconnected yet cohabiting marital relationships, particularly in conservative societies where formal separation remains stigmatized. The main research question is whether silent separation can be validly measured and how it impacts depression and family dynamics among rural and urban families in Bangladesh. Methods A mixed-method design was used, integrating survey data (n = 420), key informant interviews (n = 12), focus group discussions (n = 4), and in-depth case studies (n = 6). Exploratory factor analysis was applied to test the structure of the Silent Separation Scale (SSS), and Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess internal consistency. Correlation analysis examined the association between silent separation and depressive symptoms. Results Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a robust three-factor structure of the SSS, with high internal consistency (α = .89). Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between silent separation and depressive symptoms (r = .61, p < .001). Qualitative narratives supported these findings, uncovering layers of emotional neglect, normative marital endurance, and social constraints that shape marital life in Bangladesh. Conclusion This study validates the Silent Separation Scale (SSS) as a useful tool for assessing a previously under-researched marital phenomenon. It suggests that the SSS can be adapted into an app-based self-assessment platform (3S-16) through which married men and women can evaluate their silent separation status and take steps toward healthier lifestyles. The study opens new avenues for interventions in family health and gender relations in South Asia.