Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha curcas Oil: Effects of Transesterification Parameters and Gamma Irradiation on Fuel Properties

This study investigates the production and enhancement of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil through transesterification and gamma irradiation. Mature seeds were collected from Sudan, and oil was extracted and characterized for physicochemical properties. Transesterification was optimized by varying methanol-to-oil ratios, catalyst concentrations, reaction time, and temperature, achieving a maximum biodiesel yield of 97% under optimal conditions (30g methanol, 0.5g NaOH, 70°C, 60 min). The biodiesel was further treated with gamma irradiation (3–20 kGy) to assess its impact on fuel properties. Results showed that moderate irradiation (6–10 kGy) improved viscosity, cetane number (peaking at 57), and oxidative stability, while higher doses led to degradation. Key fuel properties, including density, flash point, and ash content, complied with ASTM standards. The study demonstrates that optimized transesterification combined with controlled gamma irradiation enhances biodiesel quality, making Jatropha curcas a viable non-edible feedstock for sustainable biofuel production.