Evidence-based monitoring of Prodiplosis: Damage, economic impact, traps tools and population dynamics in foliage crops

In this study, we addressed critical knowledge gaps by evaluating the impact and population behavior of Prodiplosis longifila in the foliage crops Ruscus and Cocculus , under both open-field and greenhouse conditions. Monitoring approaches were assessed using traps of different colors and heights to optimize sampling methods, improve understanding of pest behavior, and characterize injury and damage to the crops. Evidence collected from commercial farms was further analyzed through spatial–temporal evaluations to elucidate key aspects of population dynamics. Our results demonstrate that damage occurs across all three larval instars, mainly in the first and second instars, which not only reduces foliage quality but also generates considerable economic and environmental costs. Productivity losses reached 53% in Ruscus and 29% in Cocculus , accompanied by declines in extra-quality stems and maximum income reductions of 79% and 56%, respectively. Monitoring trials confirmed adult preference for black, white, and yellow traps, and heights of 10–30 cm above host plants, providing practical guidance for improving trapping protocols and enhancing the accuracy of population estimates. Dispersal analyses using the Kernel density method revealed that populations initially concentrate along greenhouse borders and progressively expand inward, affecting an increasing number of plants. Aggregated edge distributions and internal hotspots were consistent with non-uniform patterns and suggest that localized environmental and microclimatic conditions facilitate establishment and aggregation. Finally, the crepuscular habit of P. longifila was confirmed, with activity peaks between 9:00–10:00 p.m. and 3:00–4:00 a.m. Together, these findings provide a foundation for more precise monitoring and effective management strategies for this emerging pest in foliage production systems.