Immune response to implant surface decontamination methods in the surgical peri-implantitis management

Objective: The study assessed the efficacy of different implant surface decontamination methods in surgical peri-implantitis (PI) treatment, considering the immune response. Material and Methods: Forty-four patients (aged 58.7 ± 9.4) dignosed with 52 peri-implantitis (peri-implant probing depth, (PPD) > 5 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP “+”), and bone loss > 2 mm) completed a two-year study. ISD was employed by either photodynamic therapy (PDT, test group) or 1% chlorhexidine di-gluconate gel (control group) followed by peri-implant bone defects reconstruction. Interleukins (IL) 17A, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations, clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed throughout 24 months postoperatively. Results: IL-17A, IL-1β, and IL-6 concentrations were significantly reduced 24 months postoperatievly (p = 0.007, p < 0.001, and p = 0.006) in the test group compared to the control one. A statistically significant decrease in terms of PPD was achieved in the test compared to the control group at 12 and 24 months postoperatively (p= 0.036, p= 0.043). Conclusion: PDT may provide a feasible method for implant surface decontamination, improving immune response in reconstructive peri-implantitis treatment. Clinical relevance: A reconstructive peri-implantitis surgery combined with PDT effectively decreases pro-inflammatory interleukin during the first 24 months postoperatively, significantly enhancing clinical and radiographic outcomes. Study was registered retrospectively at ClinicalTrials.com (NCT05187663).