Study of Fire Dynamic Simulation of Electric Vehicle in Basement Parking

The growing use of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces fresh challenges in ensuring fire safety, particularly within confined basement parking facilities. This study employs Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) with Pyro Sim to analyze the thermal, smoke, and toxic gas behavior of an EV fire, focusing on lithium-ion battery thermal runaway. Results indicate that fires involving EVs generate peak heat release rates exceeding 7 MW, with ceiling temperatures surpassing 450°C near the fire source. Rapid smoke accumulation causes visibility loss within two minutes, critically reducing occupant evacuation time. Furthermore, toxic gases disperse quickly, surpassing safe exposure thresholds and posing severe health risks. Vehicle fires reveal that EV fires are more persistent, produce higher energy outputs, and challenge conventional suppression systems. The validated simulation model demonstrates strong alignment with real-world fire data, providing a reliable framework for risk assessment. Findings emphasize the urgent need for enhanced ventilation, early detection, and advanced suppression strategies to safeguard occupants and infrastructure in the context of widespread EV adoption.