Spatial-temporal variability of PM10 in Torreón (northern Mexico): influence of seasonal weather, industrial emissions, and topographical barriers

Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) poses significant global health risks, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as cities in northern México. Torreón, a representative arid and dust-prone city in this region, experiences elevated levels of coarse and fine PM, along with atmospheric metal contamination. This study analyzed a five-year dataset of PM ₁₀ to assess spatial-temporal patterns. Results revealed substantial variability in PM ₁₀ (4 to 233, median 53 µg m ^− 3 ), with frequent exceedances of air quality safety thresholds. Frequent PM ₁₀ exceedances suggest elevated population exposure, warranting immediate public health interventions to address disproportionate burdens of cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases, and lung cancer. Climatic conditions strongly influenced pollution levels, with lower PM ₁₀ concentrations during the rainy season (July–October) and higher levels in the dry season (January–April). Aridity-driven dust storms further exacerbated PM ₁₀ peaks. Additionally, the Sierra de las Noas mountain range acted as a topographic barrier, trapping coarse and fine particles and intensifying urban pollution. These findings underscore the persistent PM ₁₀ pollution challenges in Torreón, highlighting the environmental vulnerabilities of arid urban areas.