Influence of processors’ practices on the commercially sold propolis tinctures in Uganda

Propolis tincture is a new and rapidly growing bee product in Uganda, attracting investors due to its medicinal claims (Amulen et al., 2020). Despite its increasing domestic distribution, knowledge on recommended production practices and chemical composition remains limited. This gap poses public health risks, reduces consumer confidence, and may affect market. This study assessed propolis tincture processors’ (PTPs) practices, adherence to recommended practices and effects on chemical quality composition of produced propolis tincture using Aachen Model (2007).A mixed-methods design was applied (quantitative surveys and laboratory analysis). The study was conducted in Kampala, Lira, and Arua—cities hosting over 60% of Uganda’s PTPs. A census of 124 processors was undertaken, 242 tincture samples were collected from 121 processors (3 didn’t have by collection time) and analyzed using GC-MS (Agilent 7000D GC/TQ). Quantitative data were analyzed in SPSS version 22.0.Findings showed that 71% of the raw propolis sourced from own apiaries, ethanol was mainly obtained from city dealers (53.2%) or authorized suppliers (52.4%). Most processors cleaned and weighed raw propolis but 94.4% did not perform solubility tests. About 57% adhered to recommended practices, with a mean adherence score of 28 versus 49 (P < 0.01). Eighty-eight compounds were detected; higher adherence correlated with richer chemical profiles. Thirteen of the 14 most common compounds matched known bioactive ingredients for treating PTPs claimed diseases.The study concludes that while adherence is moderate, products contain compounds consistent with PTPs claims. It recommends PTPs’ compliance, UNBS enforcement and further research to quantify composition per practice.