Enhanced cesium removal kinetics, capacity, and selectivity of sulfur-encapsulated mordenite in high-salinity nuclear wastewater

Efficient decontamination of radioactive cesium ( ¹³⁷ Cs ⁺ ) from nuclear wastewater is essential for the sustainable and safe use of nuclear power. Here, we report the effective applicability of sulfur-encapsulated mordenite (S-MOR), in which sulfur was introduced into the micropore of MOR via simple vacuum sublimation for the efficient removal of Cs ⁺ under high-salinity conditions. Our characterization and Cs ⁺ ion-exchange property in distilled water reveled that S-NaA with 10 wt% sulfur (10S-MOR) is the most suitable S-MOR candidate among various S-MORs because S-MOR prepared by vacuum sublimation with more than 15 wt% of sulfur nearly blocks its micropores, resulting in the poor Cs ⁺ ion-exchange performance. The optimized 10S-MOR demonstrated superior Cs ⁺ selectivity, faster Cs ⁺ ion-exchange kinetics, and improved maximum adsorption capacity compared to both MOR and the well-known commercial Cs adsorbent, Prussian blue (PB), under high-salinity conditions including groundwater and seawater. These enhancements were attributed to the additional Lewis acid-based interaction between sulfur within the micropore of 10S-MOR and Cs ⁺ , as interpreted by the hard-soft acid-base theory. Due to its excellent kinetics and selectivity for Cs ⁺ removal, and simple procedure, our 10S-MOR holds significant promise for deployment in treating water contaminated with radioactive cesium.