Mapping the Effects of Music Exposure on Adult Brain Activity: A Scoping Review

Background Music has been widely investigated for its capacity to modulate brain activity and influence emotional regulation. Techniques such as EEG and fMRI are commonly used to explore these neural modulations. Objective To map and characterize the available literature on the neurophysiological effects of music exposure on adult brain activity, without limiting study design or population context. Methods A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA‑ScR guidelines. A literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to March 5, 2025 (in English and Spanish) for studies reporting brain activity changes following music exposure. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies, resolving disagreements by consensus. Key data were charted, including study characteristics, population, musical stimuli, neuroimaging methods, and outcomes. Results A total of 57 studies (41 reviews, 10 experimental, 6 observational; years 2004–2025) were included. EEG was the most frequently used technique (~ 51%), followed by fMRI (~ 35%), with a minority using multimodal or other neuroimaging tools. Music exposure was linked to changes in brain oscillations (notably increases in alpha and theta power), functional connectivity, and activation in regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Reported outcomes involved emotional regulation, neuroplasticity, cognition, and stress physiology. Notably, studies in high-stress contexts (e.g., patients with COVID‑19) demonstrated measurable physiological and neural responses to music. Conclusions Evidence supports that music exposure modulates brain activity in adults. Music consistently influences neural oscillations, connectivity, and regional activation tied to emotion and cognition. Future research should focus on standardized protocols and broader population samples to clarify these neurophysiological effects.