Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) density and activity pattern in a biological corridor, northeastern Mexico

The ocelot (Leopardus pardalis Linnaeus, 1758) is one of six felid species found in Mexico, yet its ecology remains poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the ocelot density and activity pattern in the El Cielo-Sierra de Tamalave (EC-ST) biological corridor located in Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico. We used camera trapping (52 double stations) to identify individuals based on their coat patterns. To estimate population density, we used the random thinning spatial capture-recapture method (rt-SCR), which integrates spatial information from photographs where individual identification is not possible. This approach allows us to retain and utilize data that would otherwise be discarded, thereby maximizing the use of all available data. We analysed ocelot’s activity pattern using circular statistics, and temporal overlap was assessed with potential competitors and prey. The estimated ocelot density was 3.73 (95% CRI: 2.84-4.85) individuals per 100 km², similar to estimates in nearby regions such as Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The ocelot showed a nocturnal activity pattern, likely associated with hunting behaviour, and high temporal overlap with prey species such as rodents, rabbits, and deer. Temporal avoidance of apex predators (Panthera onca, Puma concolor, and Ursus americanus) suggests strategies to reduce risk, while overlap with mesocarnivore like Urocyon cinereoargenteus may indicate coexistence probably by prey partitioning. Our findings highlight the importance of combining density and activity analyses, show that rt-SCR provided reliable and precise estimates under our study conditions. This supports more accurate conservation planning in ocelot populations like those in the EC-ST biological corridor.