Achieving higher efficiency in solar panels using gold nanosphere arrays in structure of Grated CdS and especial materials

The global energy crisis and urgency of transitioning to clean, sustainable energy sources have spurred advancements in solar cell technologies. This work presents a high-efficiency polymer solar cell with the architecture ZnO/CdS/PTB7:PC71BM/Au(NPs)/ZnWO\textsubscript{4}/Au. The key components include CdS (ETL), ZnWO\textsubscript{4}(HTL), PTB7:PC71BM (polymer absorber layer), Au (back- metal contact), and Au Nanoparticles (Au NPs). The structure leverages near-infrared (NIR) absorption (650–1100 nm) through gold nanoparticles, thereby enhancing the performance. CdS was chosen for its superior carrier mobility and conductivity, while ZnWO\textsubscript{4} provides high hole mobility. PTB7:PC71BM further contributes exceptional optical and electrical properties, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 44.02\%. Various polymer solar cells and other approaches, such as color sensitive solar cells (DSSCs), quantum dot, multi-junction cells, and incorporating amorphous silicon (a–Si:H), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and cadmium telluride (CdTe) into solar cells were explored, but challenges like limited light absorption, high carrier recombination, and lower efficiencies ($<$30\%) persisted, particularly in the NIR and visible spectra. This innovative architecture addresses these limitations, achieving significant advancements in solar energy conversion efficiency.