"I Became a Bride While I Was Still Playing": A Dual Perspective on Women's Experiences in Polygynous 'Kuma' Marriages

Background: Polygynous marriages, particularly the "kuma" phenomenon, are rooted in patriarchal traditions and cultural norms. This study explores the lived experiences of two women in such arrangements in Turkey, focusing on their agency and the sociocultural factors influencing their decisions. “In this study, ‘kuma’ refers specifically to a woman who becomes a co-wife through a religiously recognized but legally unregistered marriage, distinguishing it from general polygyny and polyandry. Methods: Using a qualitative case study design and Colaizzi’s phenomenological method, in-depth interviews and participant observation were conducted with two women in a polygynous union. Thematic analysis was used to identify key experiences, adhering to COREQ guidelines. Results: Both women reported challenges such as limited autonomy, emotional distress, and economic dependency. The first wife, facing infertility, initiated the marriage to a second wife to avoid societal stigma. The second wife, lacking family and financial support, accepted the role to escape exclusion. Despite the husband’s death, both women continued to cohabit due to financial hardship and emotional ties. Patriarchal norms and inadequate legal protection further deepened their vulnerability. Conclusion: The study highlights the intersection of culture, economics, and gender inequality in perpetuating polygyny. It calls for legal reform, educational empowerment , and psychosocial support to improve women’s autonomy and well-being in such unions.