Generalizability of YOLOv11 Models for Mesiodens Detection in Pediatric Panoramic Radiographs

Background Mesiodens is a type of supernumerary tooth in the anterior maxilla with various prevalences. To prevent complications in the future, accurate and precise detection is needed. Objective This study aimed to evaluate and compare YOLOv11-based convolutional neural network (CNN) models for mesiodens detection in pediatric panoramic radiographs using two cloud-based platforms, Roboflow and Ultralytics. Design: This study involved 480 pediatric panoramic radiographs, consisting of 240 mesiodens and 240 no mesiodens images, annotated using Roboflow, with a region of interest (ROI) focused on the anterior maxillary area. The dataset was divided into training (70%), validation (20%), and testing (10%) subsets. Model performance was evaluated using mean average precision (mAP), precision, recall, and F1-score. Results The YOLOv11 Accurate model trained on the Roboflow platform achieved the highest validation mAP50 at 99.2% and recall at 100%. However, its performance declined on inference data, where the F1-score was 84.30%. In contrast, the YOLOv11l model trained on the Ultralytics platform showed more stable performance: its validation mAP was 99.3%, precision was 99.11%, and recall was 94.57%, while the inference F1-score was 96.78%, indicating superior generalizability and potential for clinical use. Conclusion YOLOv11l demonstrated the most reliable balance between validation and inference performance, suggesting suitability for clinical application. These results highlight the importance of model generalization rather than peak validation metrics. Future studies should therefore evaluate multicenter datasets and broader clinical settings to confirm robustness and applicability in diverse pediatric populations.