A Qualitative Analysis of Gender-Based and Intimate Partner Violence Experiences Among Adolescent Girls and Women in Informal Settlements in Uganda in Navigating the Justice System

Introduction: Gender-based violence (GBV) remains a global challenge and is similarly known to have a high prevalence in countries such as Uganda, with adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in informal settlements at greater risk. Economic hardship, systemic inequality, and weak policy enforcement are known factors that exacerbate their vulnerability. This study explores the lived experiences of AGYW to identify the impact of these experiences and the challenges that have undermined efforts to combat this issue, particularly how institutional failures perpetuate violence and hinder access to protection and redress. Methods This study qualitatively assessed the focus group discussions (FGDs) with AGYW in informal settlements with GBV experiences via MAX QDA software. The participants were recruited through community networks. The data were thematically analyzed via an inductive approach to identify the different barriers to justice. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained from appropriate institutions. Results Findings from this study revealed the causes and forms of abuse, where this abuse occurs, and the outcomes of these abuses. Three themes were identified in relation to the study’s focus, as reported by participants during the FGDs. These include “economic and structural barriers in the justice system undermining access to justice for victims of GBV and IPV in informal settlements”, “institutional betrayal and abuse of power by justice system actors contributing to the exploitation of GBV survivors and mistrust”, and “the social and psychological toll of failed justice systems leading to isolation, coping strategies, and further vulnerability for GBV and IPV survivors.” Conclusions The discussion revealed that economic vulnerability, systemic corruption, and weak policy enforcement limit the AGYW access to justice. Institutional betrayal, patriarchal norms, and victim blaming perpetuate abuse and silence survivors. Justice seeking is transactional, favoring the powerful, whereas survivors face stigma, trauma, and exclusion. The study recommends anticorruption training, trauma-informed care, and policy reforms. It also calls for anonymous reporting mechanisms, and victim representation to support evidence collection. Comprehensive mental health services and inclusive, multisectoral approaches are essential to restore trust, ensure accountability, and protect the rights and dignity of GBV and IPV survivors in Uganda.