A One Health Approach to Zoonotic Parasites: Assessment of Organ Condemnations in Slaughter Cattle and Abattoir Quality Settings

Zoonotic parasites present major public health and economic challenges in Ethiopia. This study assessed their burden in slaughtered cattle, organ condemnation, and abattoir hygiene in four purposively selected abattoirs in Western Amhara from March to July 2024. A total of 384 condemned organs were randomly sampled to examine gross and histopathological changes, with hematoxylin and eosin staining used to evaluate cyst size, number, viability, and fertility. Data on biosecurity and conditions favoring parasite persistence were collected through observations and semi-structured questionnaires from 100 abattoir workers, revealing poor practices such as lack of sterilization, improper waste disposal, and stray dog access. The overall prevalence of zoonotic parasites was 47.66%. The prevalence of Fasciola parasite was 29.95%; while that of Hydatid cysts on condemned organs was 20.57% the lungs, 3.23% in the liver, 0.78% in the kidneys, and 0.9% in other organs. Prevalence of zoonotic parasites was found statistically associated with location of abattoir setting (χ2 = 21.4256; P < 0.001); month (χ2 = 19.9939; P = 0.001); and season (χ2 = 5.2819; P = 0.022). Hydatidosis presented with 11.9% non-viable cysts, 34.52% sterile cysts, and 47.62% calcified cysts. Within the portal circulation, histopathological findings revealed hydatid cysts and oncospheres. Of the Cysticercus bovis cysts examined, 16.67% were viable, while 10% were necrotized and calcified. In the lungs, protoscolices caused compression of the alveoli and bronchiolar parenchyma, alongside eosinophilic infiltration. A cyst wall was observed attached to the thickened hepatic capsule, with the hepatic parenchyma showing irregular hepatocyte islands. Unrestricted movement of animals and people, along with improper disposal of condemned organs, creates favorable conditions for zoonotic parasite transmission. Poor abattoir biosecurity highlights the need for regular deworming, improved meat inspection, fencing, and personnel training. These findings underscore the urgent need for intervention by veterinary and public health authorities.