Prevalence of Asymptomatic Malaria and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Mogadishu, Somalia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections during pregnancy can cause serious complications such as stillbirths, abortions, premature deliveries, and low birth weight infants. Furthermore, these silent infections hinder malaria control efforts as asymptomatic individuals can unknowingly transmit Plasmodium within communities. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in pregnant women in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods A cross-sectional investigation was conducted at Ayaan Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, involving 171 asymptomatic expectant mothers selected via random sampling between February and March 2025. The data collection methods included the use of questionnaires, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and microscopic examinations of blood samples. The statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and odds ratios, with statistical significance established at p < 0.05. Results Of the 171 asymptomatic pregnant women enrolled in the study, 5 (2.9%) had asymptomatic Plasmodium infections according to RDTs and microscopy, and all Plasmodium species identified were P. falciparum. Among the variables analysed, only residence in urban areas was significantly associated with a decreased risk of infection (OR, 0.124; 95% CI: 0.01–1.32; p = 0.042). Conclusions This study revealed a low occurrence of subclinical Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in pregnant women. Among the numerous factors examined, only the participants' residential location was significantly associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. This finding suggests that where pregnant women live may play a crucial role in their risk of carrying the malaria parasite without showing symptoms.