Activity of Daily Living Impairment and Associated Factors Among Older Adults of the Gelao Ethnic Group in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective To investigate the prevalence of activities of daily living (ADL) impairment and identify its risk factors among elderly adults of the Gelao ethnic group in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2022 using stratified cluster random sampling. Trained investigators administered face-to-face questionnaires to Gelao adults aged ≥ 65 years, collecting demographic data, medical history, and assessing ADL (using the ADL Scale) and cognitive function (using the CMMS). Univariate analysis was performed to examine differences in ADL impairment across subgroups, followed by multivariate logistic regression to identify independent risk factors. Results Among 2,843 participants, 2,712 valid questionnaires were analyzed (response rate: 95.39%). The prevalence of ADL impairment was 27.51% (95% CI: 25.83–29.19), with higher rates in females. Multivariate analysis revealed protective factors, including male gender, higher education, being married, higher household income, living alone, brushing teeth ≥ 2 times daily, regular physical exercise, and social engagement (P < 0.05). Risk factors included advanced age, sleep disorders, long-term medication use (≥ 1 type), autonomic nervous system dysfunction, and cognitive impairment (P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of ADL impairment among Gelao older persons is comparable to the national average in China. Key determinants include education level, income, lifestyle habits, cognitive status, and medical history, highlighting the need for targeted interventions in this ethnic population.