Circulating A-FABP Exacerbates LPS-Induced Neurotoxicity by Crossing the Disrupted Blood–Brain Barrier and Promoting Neuronal Apoptosis

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a critical complication of systemic inflammation with poorly understood mechanisms. This study identified adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) as a key mediator linking peripheral inflammation to central nervous system damage. Using an LPS-induced endotoxemia model in wild-type and A-FABP knockout mice, we demonstrated that circulating A-FABP (1) crosses the compromised blood‒brain barrier (BBB), (2) accumulates in hippocampal neurons, and (3) synergizes with LPS to drive neuronal apoptosis. The monoclonal antibody 6H2, which neutralizes A-FABP, significantly reduced BBB leakage, attenuated neuroinflammation, and improved neuronal survival. In vitro studies confirmed that HT22 neurons internalize exogenous A-FABP, which amplifies LPS-induced late apoptosis without affecting early apoptotic pathways. These findings establish circulating A-FABP as both a biomarker and therapeutic target for SAE, revealing a novel periphery-to-CNS inflammatory cascade.