Prevalence, Patterns, and Associated Risk Factors of Congenital Anomalies in Neonates: A Case-Control Study from Yemen

Introduction Congenital anomalies (CAs), encompassing structural, functional, or metabolic defects, contribute significantly to long-term disabilities and a reduced quality of life. This study offers an in-depth analysis of the prevalence and patterns of CAs in Yemen, a critical but often overlooked public health issue. Methods A retrospective case-control study (2:1 ratio) was conducted, utilizing secondary data from health facilities across 14 northern governorates in Yemen between 2021 and 2023. The study compared 612 neonates diagnosed with congenital anomalies to 1,224 healthy neonates from similar socio-economic backgrounds. Results The majority of CAs were isolated (84.64%), with a smaller proportion being multiple (15.36%). The central nervous system anomalies were most prevalent (33.9%), followed by musculoskeletal anomalies (14.8%) and oro-facial defects (10.6%). Statistically significant associations were found between CAs and factors such as maternal age over 35 years, grand-multiparity, consanguinity, low socio-economic status, family history of anomalies, preterm birth, low birth weight, and male sex. Additionally, CAs were linked to higher risks of stillbirth and lower survival rates. Environmental and health-related factors, including acute and chronic diseases (OR = 2.48 and OR = 3.69, respectively), drug use (OR = 2.68), maternal stress (OR = 6.20), and exposure to conflict zones (OR = 4.48), were significantly associated with higher CAs incidence. Conclusion This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the prevalence and patterns of congenital anomalies in Yemen, alongside associated maternal and neonatal factors. The findings offer critical guidance for policy formulation, public health interventions, and prevention strategies at a national level.