Understanding Permafrost Distribution and Degradation Dynamics in the HKH, Nepal, and Bhutan: A Review of Current Research

Permafrost, defined as subsurface material that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years, is a significant component of the Earth's cryosphere, particularly in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. This region contains extensive permafrost coverage, which influences local ecosystems, hydrology, and human activities. However, climate change is causing permafrost to thaw, leading to various risks, including landslides, infrastructure instability, and the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Research on permafrost in the HKH region, particularly in countries like Nepal and Bhutan, is limited, making it challenging to understand its distribution and dynamics. Collaborative efforts among HKH countries—such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan—are essential for effective monitoring and data sharing to address transboundary climate issues. Nepal's policies focus on integrating permafrost dynamics into environmental assessments, emphasizing the need for research to understand the implications of thawing permafrost on local ecosystems and communities. Bhutan is actively engaged in research initiatives to fill knowledge gaps regarding permafrost and its impacts. Regional countries are committed to enhancing resilience against climate change through international cooperation and the development of integrated risk assessment strategies. Addressing the challenges posed by permafrost thaw is crucial for protecting the region's ecosystems and communities as climate change continues to evolve.