Calf Health and Mortality in Smallholder Dairy Farms in West Shoa Ethiopia Based on Longitudinal and Cross Sectional Study

Background: Calf health problems significantly impact smallholder dairy productivity in Ethiopia. This study aimed to estimate calf morbidity and mortality rates and identify associated risk factors in and around Ambo, West Shoa. Methods: A cross-sectional and calf-level longitudinal observational study was conducted on eight purposely selected dairy farms. Seventy-one calves under 10 months of age were monitored to estimate calf morbidity and mortality rates and identify associated risk factors. Calves were followed biweekly for six months to assess morbidity and mortality, and data on potential risk factors were collected through structured recording sheets and direct observation. Results: The overall crude morbidity and mortality rates were 17% and 9.8%, respectively. The major health problems identified were diarrhea, septicemia, pneumonia, and non-specific conditions. Diarrhea (4.2%) was the leading cause of death, followed by septicemia (2.8%), pneumonia (1.4%), and non-specific causes (1.4%). Significant risk factors associated with calf morbidity and mortality included colostrum feeding duration, daily milk intake, and pen hygiene. Calf age and birth condition were also significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: The morbidity and mortality rates found were lower than previous Ethiopian studies but still above economically acceptable levels. Improved colostrum management, feeding, and hygiene practices are recommended to reduce calf health issues.