Intestinal Parasites in Captive Non-Human Primates in Polish Zoological Gardens: Molecular Identification of Common Intestinal Protozoa

Zoological gardens play a crucial role in the conservation of endangered species. Non-human primates (NHPs) in captivity are exposed to close human contact and various stressors, increasing their susceptibility to numerous diseases, mostly zoonotic. In this study, we conducted a parasitological analysis of primates in five zoological gardens in Poland.Fecal samples were collected from 182 animals, representing 37 NHP species, living in 59 groups. The samples were analyzed using a concentrated smear technique, rapid antigen immunochromatographic tests, and molecular diagnostics targeting protozoa. Additionally, sequencing was conducted on samples that tested positive for Giardia intestinalis .Parasites were detected in 78% of samples. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of nematodes ( Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Strongylida suborder), cestode ( Hymenolepis diminuta ), and protozoa ( G. intestinalis , Trichostomadidae family, intestinal amoebas, and Blastocystis spp.). Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of genomic DNA from G. intestinalis , Pentatrichomonas hominis , and Entamoeba spp. No Cryptosporidium spp. or Entamoeba histolytica DNA were detected. Sequencing identified G. intestinalis subtype B in six NHPs species. As a result of statistical analysis, it turned out that parasites occurred more frequently in Catarrhini parvorder and in primates with a terrestrial lifestyle.This study presents investigation of intestinal parasites in captive primates in Poland, covering multiple zoological gardens and employing comprehensive molecular diagnostics. Our findings highlight the necessity of regular parasitological screening of primates and further research into transmission pathways and zoonotic potential.