A Novel Microextraction Technique for Pb(II) Ion Preconcentration Using 3-Mercapto Propyltrimethoxysilane- Modified Glass Powder

Accurate measurement of lead (Pb) in water samples is critical because of its high toxicity and potential to accumulate in living organisms, leading to serious health risks such as anemia, kidney damage, and neurological disorders. This study introduces a novel microextraction technique for the preconcentration of Pb(II) ions using glass powder modified with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS-GP). The MPTMS-GP adsorbent was synthesized via surface modification and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Pb(II) extraction efficiency was optimized using the microextraction in a packed syringe (MEPS) technique, with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) for quantification. The optimal conditions for Pb(II) extraction were five extraction cycles, a pH of 6, 2 mg of adsorbent, 100 µL of 1 M hydrochloric acid for elution, and a sample volume of 4 mL. The method demonstrated a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0013 ng/mL and a linear range of 0.01–50 µg/L, showing excellent sensitivity. The MPTMS-GP adsorbent exhibited remarkable selectivity for Pb(II), achieving recovery rates between 97.9% and 103.6% in real samples, such as water, vegetables, and cosmetics. The preconcentration factor was calculated to be 35.95, indicating the method’s efficiency. This approach offers a highly effective, precise, and eco-friendly solution for the extraction and quantification of Pb(II) in environmental and biological sample.