Exploring the Intersection of HIV Status, Viral Load Levels, and Cervical Cancer Screening in Tanzania and Zimbabwe: Insights from PHIA Data

Background: Cervical cancer remains a significant health challenge in Tanzania and Zimbabwe, particularly among populations affected by HIV. This study explored the complex relationship between HIV status, viral load, and cervical cancer screening, shedding light on the factors that drive or hinder screening uptake. As screening rates play a crucial role in early detection and improved survival, addressing disparities in access and awareness is vital. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in two sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to explore the intersection of HIV status, viral load levels, and cervical cancer screening. Bivariate and multiple binary logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between HIV status, viral load levels, and cervical cancer, in addition to other socio-economic factors. Data were extracted from the PHIA survey and analysed using STATA. Results: The study indicated a significant association between HIV status and cervical cancer screening uptake, with HIV-positive individuals having notably higher odds of screening participation (OR = 3.73). Patients with normal immune function exhibited an increased likelihood of screening (OR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.20–4.97) compared with other CD4 count categories. Age was a significant predictor, with individuals aged 36–45 years (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.64–7.86) and 46–55 years (OR = 4.53, 95% CI 1.97–10.41) being more likely to undergo screening than those in the 15–25 age group. Economic status also played a role, as participants in the second wealth quintile demonstrated the highest likelihood of screening (OR = 2.64, 95% CI 1.22–5.73), followed by those in the highest wealth quintile (OR = 2.31, 95% CI 0.97–5.49). Additionally, the number of sexual partners showed a marginal association with screening uptake (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 0.94–3.10), suggesting that sexual behavior may influence screening decisions. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that Cervical cancer screening rates increased significantly with HIV status, CD4 count, age, and economic status. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to reduce disparities and enhance screening accessibility in the future.