Decoding Diversity: A Morpho-Molecular Approach to Andrena Bees in Kashmir Valley

The family Andrenidae comprises a diverse group of solitary bees that pose considerable taxonomic challenges due to their pronounced morphological variability. This study focuses on four species within the genus Andrena : A. (Agandrena) agillissima , A. (Micrandrena) fucata , A. (Taeniandrena) ovatula , and A. (Zonandrena) gravida . These species display notable variation in body size, length, and coloration, complicating accurate identification and classification. To address these issues, a comprehensive morphometric analysis was conducted using 23 morphological characters to delineate species boundaries more precisely. Specimens were collected from three districts in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar, Pulwama, and Budgam. The detailed examination revealed distinct morphological patterns among the species, aiding in their identification and contributing to a clearer understanding of their taxonomic status. Additionally, the study offers insights into the population genetics and biogeographical distribution of the selected Andrena species, highlighting their adaptation to varied ecological conditions in the region. The observed morphological diversity reflects potential evolutionary divergence influenced by environmental pressures and geographic isolation. These findings underscore the importance of integrative taxonomic approaches that combine classical morphology with modern genetic tools. Such methods are essential for resolving the complex taxonomy of the genus Andrena and for improving our understanding of its evolutionary history. Future studies should incorporate molecular data and ecological parameters to refine species boundaries further and assess their conservation status in the rapidly changing landscapes of the Himalayan region.