Genome-wide SNP analysis: adaptation and population structure of Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Arecaceae) in South America

Palms play a crucial ecological and economic role, with Syagrus romanzoffiana being a prominent species in South America. Despite its widespread distribution and economic potential, genetic studies on this species remain limited. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of S. romanzoffiana across distinct vegetation types in Brazil and Paraguay using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). A total of 91 individuals from eight populations were analyzed, revealing significant genetic diversity and differentiation. Observed heterozygosity was generally high, with some populations exhibiting excess heterozygosity, indicating potential adaptive significance. Pairwise F _ST and AMOVA analysis suggested that most genetic variation is maintained within populations, although moderate differentiation among populations was detected. Genetic structure analysis highlighted the influence of vegetation type on genetic differentiation, with restinga populations displaying unique genetic signatures. Despite geographical proximity, some populations exhibited greater genetic divergence due to local environmental adaptations. These findings underscore the importance of conserving S. romanzoffiana’s genetic diversity and highlight the role of vegetation type in shaping population structure. Understanding these patterns is essential for the sustainable management and conservation of this species, particularly in the face of habitat fragmentation and climate change.