Association of green spaces on mental health and well-being in urban Bengaluru: A cross-sectional study

Background Rapid urbanisation in Bengaluru has reduced green spaces, potentially impacting mental health. Urban green spaces promote psychological well-being by reducing stress, enhancing mood, and fostering social connections. This study examined the relationship between green spaces and mental health among residents of Bengaluru. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 adults using stratified random sampling across nine strata based on income and park availability. Data were collected through questionnaires capturing park proximity, visit frequency, and mental health indicators. Satellite imagery assessed green space via NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). Mental health was measured using the WHO-5 Well-being Index and K6 Psychological Distress Scale. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation, and multivariable regression in R software (version 4.5.0). Results Among participants, 79% had green spaces nearby, but only 19% visited daily. Living farther away (> 2 km) was associated with significantly lower well-being scores (β = − 5.58, p = 0.004). Infrequent visits (never vs. weekly) were associated with poorer well-being (β = − 16.02, p = 0.0003). No significant association emerged between proximity or visit frequency and psychological distress (K6). Higher income (β = − 1.97, p = 0.01) and a college education (vs. high school: β = 1.40, p = 0.04) were associated with psychological distress. Areas away from major roads had higher NDVI values. Frequent and closer access to green spaces was associated with improved mental well-being. Conclusion Closer proximity to and frequent use of green spaces are linked to better mental well-being. Urban planning in Bengaluru should prioritise equitable access to quality green spaces to promote public mental health.