A Detailed Examination of the Worldwide Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Linked to Dietary Risks: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990-2021)

Objective : Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a considerable public health concern on the worldwide. This study analyzes the impact of dietary related type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths, utilizing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries. Methods : T2DM due to dietary risk were analyzed by the study for 204 different countries/regions from 1991 to 2021. Key indicators included DALYs and death tolls, which were assessed according to age, gender, and socio-demographic index (SDI). The study utilized descriptive and trend analyses, along with ARIMA model for future predictions. Trends were quantified using Age-standardized rates (ASR) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of the variables were used to quantify them. Results : DALYs due to dietary risks increased from 6,450,217 in 1990 to 19,146,810 in 2021, with ASR increasing from 159.96 to 221.34 per 100,000. Deaths increased from 164,060 to 381,416, but age-standardized death rates somewhat dropped. China, India, and the U.S. reported the highest T2DM burdens; 260% increase in DALYs middle SDI regions, while low SDI regions had the highest ASR; the age group of 65-69 showed a significant increase in DALYs, with males surpassing females in 2021. Predictions for 2050 suggest global DALYs will reach 17,865,944 for males and 18,121,264 for females, with deaths estimated at 264,822 for males and 305,383 for females, alongside increasing ASR. Conclusions : The study highlights the considerable influence of dietary risks on the global prevalence of T2DM based on the GBD database. There is an urgent need for improvements in global dietary habits, health education, and food policy regulations to reduce the impact of T2DM on public health.