Multiscale analysis of coupled electrochemical and mass transport for fast activation method in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

This review presents a comprehensive overview of key theories and methods for the fast activation of PEMFC, including air starving and hydrogen pumping, oxidative stripping, cyclic voltammetry, temperature and pressure control, and steaming or boiling the MEA. The principles, advantages, and limitations of these approaches are systematically analyzed. Furthermore, the fundamental mechanisms of electrochemistry and mass transport are discussed, with adsorption and reaction kinetics providing insights into interfacial processes and reaction optimization. The influence of water, gas, proton, and electron transport on fuel cell activation is also examined, highlighting strategies to enhance performance through transport optimization. A multiscale analysis integrating electrochemistry and proton transport is then conducted, spanning the nanoscale (triple-phase interfaces), mesoscale (fuel cell components), and macroscale (system control and component coordination).