Species composition, diversity, relative abundance and habitat association of avifauna in Gondar City, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Background: Understanding urban bird diversity and composition is essential for comprehending the urban ecosystem. This study was conducted in Gondar city, one of the historical sites in northern Ethiopia, to assess the diversity, composition, relative abundance, and habitat associations of birds across four urban habitats. The research was conducted from April to September 2021, encompassing both the wet and dry seasons. Birds were identified and counted using point count and line transect methods. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was employed to estimate species diversity, while One-way ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to analyze species abundance across different habitats and seasons, respectively. Results: A total of 112 bird species from 15 orders and 47 families were identified in the study, including six intra-African migrants, five Palearctic migrants, and 101 resident and endemic species. Dominant species included Swainson’s Sparrow, village weaver, red-billed firefinch, and red-cheeked cordon bleu mostly observed in residential habitat. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in bird abundance across habitats (F = 17.79, df = 3, p = 0.001). The forest patch habitat had the highest diversity (H’ = 3.941), while the waste dumping site recorded the lowest diversity (H’ = 3.212). Additionally, the waste dump site exhibited the highest even distribution (J = 0.91), whereas the residential habitat had the lowest (J = 0.784). Conclusion: Gondar city is a refuge for various avian species, including threatened, endemic, and migrant species. The urban birds offer aesthetic and recreational benefits for both residents and tourists. Birds in Gondar city face significant threats from human disturbances, loss of green areas due to urban expansion, and collisions. Bird-watching presents an opportunity for income generation through ecotourism in the community. Urban planners are encouraged to incorporate avian habitats into their designs to support and sustain bird diversity in the city.