Innovation performance at the intersection of technology, organization, and environment: A dynamic configurational analysis of Chinese new energy vehicle industry

With the accelerated advancement of green transformation, the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry is increasingly dependent on technological innovation. However, enterprises generally face challenges such as technological complexity, insufficient organizational capabilities, and environmental uncertainties, and there are differences in innovation performance. Most of the existing studies adopt static and linear methods, making it difficult to reveal its complex and diverse generation mechanisms. To address these limitations, this study draws on the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework to explore the multiple pathways through which NEV firms can achieve high innovation performance. Using a sample of the NEV companies from China’s A-share market between 2018 and 2022, the study employs a dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to identify and synthesize configurational pathways. The findings reveal four effective pathways to high innovation performance, which can be categorized into two typical mechanisms: the “Incentive-responsive innovation pattern” and the “Capability-synergy innovation pattern.” Further analysis shows that capability-oriented pathways exhibit greater structural stability and cross-temporal applicability, while incentive-driven pathways are more sensitive to external environmental changes. Spatially, incentive-responsive paths are more prevalent and effective in eastern regions, reflecting the differentiated impact of regional resources and policy environments. This study not only extends the application of the TOE framework but also demonstrates the methodological value of dynamic QCA in uncovering time causal configurations. The findings offer insights for NEV firms in formulating differentiated innovation strategies and for policymakers in designing region-specific support measures.