Disseminated Talaromyces marneffei Infection Mimicking Tuberculosis in an HIV-Negative Adult with Anti–IFN-γ Autoantibodies: A Case Report

Background Talaromyces marneffei (TM) is an opportunistic fungus causing life-threatening disseminated infections in immunocompromised individuals. While classically associated with HIV, TM is increasingly reported in HIV-negative patients, often misdiagnosed due to nonspecific manifestations. Case Presentation: A 38-year-old HIV-negative Chinese woman with a history of thyroid cancer presented with a three-month history of fever, cough, weight loss, and subcutaneous masses. Imaging revealed diffuse pulmonary nodules and osteolytic bone destruction. She was initially misdiagnosed with tuberculosis and received anti-TB therapy without improvement. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid identified TM, which was later confirmed by fungal culture. Anti–interferon-gamma autoantibodies (anti–IFN-γ auto-Abs) were markedly elevated (111.72 ng/mL). She was treated with liposomal amphotericin B followed by itraconazole, achieving temporary remission. One month post-discharge, TM recurred with new Sweet syndrome–like skin lesions. Immunomodulatory therapy combined with antifungals led to disease control. Conclusion This case highlights three key clinical insights: (1) TM can closely mimic tuberculosis, especially in HIV-negative individuals; (2) mNGS is a valuable diagnostic tool when conventional tests fail; and (3) Anti–IFN-γ auto-Abs may underlie recurrent or refractory TM infections. Clinicians in endemic regions should consider TM and evaluate immune status early in atypical or treatment-resistant cases.