Exploring proteomic signatures in sepsis and non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome

The search for new biomarkers that allow an early diagnosis in sepsis has become a necessity in medicine. This study aims to identify protein biomarkers that differentiate sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (NISIRS). This is a prospective and observational study, conducted between 2016 and 2017, it included 277 patients (141 with sepsis, 136 with NISIRS). Plasma proteins were analyzed using mass spectrometry and evaluated through recursive feature elimination and cross-validation with a vector classifier. Twenty-five proteins showed statistically significant differences, with high diagnostic performance (sensitivity: 0.973, specificity: 0.920, accuracy: 0.960, AUC: 0.985). Fourteen proteins (VWF, PPBP, C5, C1RL, FCN3, SAA2, ORM1, ITIH3, GSN, C1QA, CA1, CFB, C3, LBP) were more associated with sepsis, while eleven (FN1, IGFALS, SERPINA4, APOE, APOH, C6, SERPINA3, AHSG, LUM, ITIH2, SAA1) were related with NISIRS. The study found upregulation of several proteins in sepsis (C5, CFB, FCN3, PPBP, VWF, SAA2, ORM1, LBP and ITIH3) and downregulation of others (SERPINA4 and AHSG). These findings highlight distinct proteomic patterns between sepsis and NISIRS. Advances in understanding these protein changes may allow for the identification of new biomarkers in the future.