Ligustilide ameliorates traumatic brain injury in aged mice by attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common in the aged population and rapidly triggers a pro-inflammatory response in microglia, leading to severe secondary damage. Ligustilide (LIG), a natural compound with excellent blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, shows great potential in neuroprotection, primarily due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-autophagic properties. However, the role of LIG in elderly TBI remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of LIG on elderly TBI and explore its mechanisms of action. In vivo , we assessed the impact of LIG on behavioral outcomes in elderly TBI mice using the modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS), open field test (OFT), and Morris water maze (MWM) experiment. We also measured the expression of microglial polarization-related proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the distribution and expression of neuronal marker NeuN and astrocytic marker GFAP. In vitro , we examined the effects of LIG on reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and apoptosis rates in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) BV-2 cells, as well as the expression of microglial polarization-related proteins. The results demonstrated that LIG promotes the polarization of microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype in the brain injury side, reduces the release of inflammatory factors, promotes mitophagy, ensures neuronal survival, and improves neurological deficits and memory impairments in elderly TBI mice. In conclusion, LIG exerts therapeutic effects on elderly TBI by promoting the polarization of microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype and facilitating mitophagy in microglia, offering a potential therapeutic approach for TBI.