Spatial Distribution and Public Health Implications of Soil Heavy Metal Levels Near West African Ceramics, Ajaokuta, Nigeria

Industrial emissions pose a growing threat to environmental integrity and public health, particularly in developing regions where regulation is limited. This study examines the spatial distribution and public health implications of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd) in soils surrounding the West African Ceramics factory in Ajaokuta, Kogi State, Nigeria. Eleven surface soil samples were systematically collected within an 80- meter radius of the factory and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). All three metals were detected in every sample, with concentrations ranging from 0.5552–2.8856 mg/kg for Zn, 0.0865–2.0716 mg/kg for Cu, and 0.0071–0.0576 mg/kg for Cd. Although all measured levels fall below World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommended limits for agricultural soils, a consistent trend of elevated concentrations closer to the factory confirms localized contamination. The spatial pattern observed suggests a strong point-source origin, with metal concentrations diminishing progressively with distance from the discharge zone. This distribution raises serious public health concerns given the metals' known potential for long-term accumulation in plants, groundwater, and human tissues. Cadmium, even at trace levels, poses significant health risks due to its high toxicity and tendency to bioaccumulate in food crops. Copper and zinc, while essential micronutrients, can become harmful when present in excess, potentially disrupting soil microbiota and crop yield. The study underscores the urgent need for proactive environmental monitoring, health risk awareness among local communities, and implementation of industrial safeguards to prevent chronic exposure. These findings offer critical baseline data for regulatory agencies and serve as a scientific foundation for future soil health and public safety interventions in Ajaokuta and similar industrial zones.