Evaluation of the toxic effects of exposure to the ionic liquid [BMIm]BF4 on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Green chemistry promotes more sustainable chemical processes and products, minimizing the generation of toxic substances in the environment. Ionic liquids, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm]BF4), are recognized as green solvents with various applications, although the environmental safety of these compounds remains a concern. This study assessed the toxicity of [BMIm]BF4 in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos and larvae, focusing on mortality, hatching, morphology, and locomotor behavior. The median lethal concentration (LC ₅₀ ) for embryos was 2,268.4 ± 100.90 mg/L. However, exposure to sublethal concentrations resulted in early hatching and caused changes in the larvae's STC event and locomotor behavior across two tested parameters (mean velocity and total time in the center), indicating potential neurotoxic effects. The findings underscore the need for additional research on the effects of both acute and chronic exposure to [BMIm]BF4 on the environment. While green chemistry holds great promise for reducing environmental impact, it remains essential to thoroughly assess the safety of new compounds.