Assessment of circulating CD24, CD44, and CD45 stem cell markers as novel early diagnostic tools for hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the determinant factors for effective treatment with better prognosis. This study evaluated circulating stem cell markers CD24, CD44, and CD45 as potential early diagnostic biomarkers for HCC. Methods : In this study, male Wistar rats were used, grouped in four categories: Control, Olive Oil, Fibrosis (CCl ₄ -induced), and HCC (DEN-induced). Serum levels of CD24, CD44, and CD45 were estimated and correlated with the levels of apoptotic markers (BCL2, BAX, P53); angiogenic markers (VEGF); oxidative stress markers (SOD); liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP); and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α). Histological examinations were done by H&E and Masson's Trichrome techniques. Results : Levels of CD24, CD44, and CD45 were significantly higher in the HCC group. The markers showed strong correlations with increased apoptotic activity, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and altered liver function tests. Histological findings demonstrated severe fibrosis and damage to the liver tissue. High levels of inflammatory cytokines and AFP further confirm the diagnosis of HCC. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that CD24, CD44, and CD45 are viable early diagnostic markers for HCC. Their implementation in clinical settings could facilitate early diagnosis and improve the management and treatment outcomes of HCC patients.