Exploring Hepatoprotective Shielding action of Glycitein in alleviating Paracetamol- Induced Liver Damage in Albino Mice

Background The liver is a vital organ involved in numerous metabolic and detoxification processes, but it is susceptible to damage from hepatotoxic substances. Natural remedies, such as essential oils and plant-derived compounds, have shown promise in supporting liver health. Isoflavone-containing essential oils, in particular, offer potential hepatoprotective effects. These effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of MAP kinase pathways, liver enzymes like SGOT and SGPT, and reactive oxidative species (ROS). Objective This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of Glycitein, an isoflavone compound, against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in mice. Additionally, it investigated the in-silico interaction of Glycitein with key inflammatory and hormonal targets, namely IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Estrogen Receptors, which are implicated in various hepatological disorders. Methods Hepatotoxicity was induced in albino mice (either sex) via paracetamol (500 mg/kg) administration. Glycitein was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg. Hepatic function was assessed by evaluating changes in biochemical markers such as SGPT, SGOT, and bilirubin, along with oxidative stress markers including SOD and GSH-Px. Histopathological examinations were performed to observe liver tissue morphology. Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess Glycitein's binding affinity towards IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Estrogen Receptors. Results Paracetamol administration led to significant elevations in SGPT, SGOT, bilirubin levels, and depletion of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px, indicating hepatic injury and oxidative stress. Histopathological analysis showed marked liver cell damage. Among the tested doses, Glycitein at 6 mg/kg demonstrated the most robust hepatoprotective effect, with notable restoration of enzyme levels and improved liver histology. Docking results indicated Glycitein exhibited moderate binding affinity with IL-6: –6.4 kcal/mol, IL-1β: –6.4 kcal/mol, TNF-α: –6.5 kcal/mol, Estrogen receptor: –6.8 kcal/mol. Conclusion Glycitein effectively alleviates paracetamol-induced liver injury by reducing oxidative stress, restoring the levels of key antioxidant enzymes, and normalizing liver histology. The in-silico findings suggest moderate binding affinity to inflammatory and hormonal targets, supporting its potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent.