Language and biodiversity in context: Rethinking Dagaare dialects through indigenous plant nomenclature

This study explores dialectal variation within the Dagaare language through an innovative lens—indigenous plant nomenclature. Traditionally, Dagaare has been classified into four main dialects: Northern (Dagara), Central, Southern (Waale), and Western (Berefɔ = [bɪ̀rɪ̀fɔ̀]). However, drawing on new data from seven native plants/ fruits across twelve sub-regions in northwestern Ghana and parts of Burkina Faso, this study uncovers substantial phonological, morphological, and lexical variation. These findings suggest the existence of at least eight distinct dialectal varieties. The analysis reveals systematic differences in tone, consonant usage, and pluralization patterns that mark dialect boundaries. Lexical diversity in plant names further supports regional linguistic identities, illustrating how language encapsulates localized ecological knowledge. By documenting this variation, the study highlights the critical but often overlooked relationship between linguistic and biological diversity. It argues that preserving Dagaare dialects is not only vital for linguistic documentation but also for sustaining cultural heritage and traditional ecological knowledge. Ultimately, this research proposes a revised classification of Dagaare dialects and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate linguistics with biodiversity conservation. It affirms that language serves as both a communicative tool and a repository of indigenous knowledge crucial to environmental and cultural resilience.