Strengthening Intersectoral Collaboration to Improve Complementary Feeding Policies and Practices in Nigeria: An Ecological Systems Perspective

Background Complementary feeding is critical to reducing child malnutrition and promoting long-term health. While Nigeria has introduced several national policies promoting intersectoral collaboration, implementation challenges remain, and key indicators continue to lag. Although existing literature recognizes the multisectoral drivers of complementary feeding, there is limited insight into how policymakers and stakeholders can effectively harness intersectoral collaboration to strengthen policy implementation and practice. Objectives This study aims to explore how intersectoral collaboration can be operationalized to strengthen the implementation of complementary feeding policies and practices by examining stakeholder perspectives on key challenges and enablers, mapping collaboration across sectors and levels of government, and understanding how systemic, community, and household-level factors shape feeding outcomes. Methods We employed a qualitative case study design, informed by Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, to explore the multilevel influences on complementary feeding practices in Nigeria. Semi-structured interviews (n=20) were conducted with purposively selected stakeholders, including policymakers, primary health workers, caregivers, and representatives from non-governmental organizations, to ensure sectoral diversity. Thematic analysis was conducted, with findings organized across the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels of the ecological framework. Results At the microsystem level, caregivers described cultural norms, limited support networks, and financial barriers shaping feeding practices. The mesosystem level revealed fragmented service delivery and inconsistent community engagement. At the macrosystem level, challenges included limited funding and weak policy enforcement. However, participants also identified emerging political will evidenced by the Vice President’s leadership of the National Council on Nutrition and initiatives such as Nutrition 774, national coordination platforms, and grassroots innovations, as potential facilitators of improved intersectoral collaboration. Conclusions Improving complementary feeding in Nigeria requires coordinated action across household, community, and policy levels. Empowering frontline workers, strengthening feedback loops, and clarifying sector roles can close the gap between policy and practice. Sustained progress hinges on dedicated funding, shared accountability, and leadership that rewards collaboration.