Strategic development of a buffalo farming framework and optimization of the foraging behaviour using mathematical models.

This study examined the foraging behaviour of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) on a private dairy farm in Southeastern India from April 2016 to March 2017. Foraging behaviour plays a major role in improving production, well-being, and sustainable buffalo farming practices. Using direct observation and focal animal sampling, data were collected daily across four seasons: summer, pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. Seasonal forage availability and the distances travelled for foraging were analysed to understand behavioural patterns and habitat preferences. The results indicated that buffaloes travelled varying distances depending on seasonal forage availability. The distances recorded were highest in summer (124.66 km) and progressively reduced during pre-monsoon (82.67 km), monsoon (79.00 km), and post-monsoon (82 km). This pattern aligns with forage availability, which was greatest in summer and declined through pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The findings supported the application of optimal foraging theory, which highlights the dynamic dietary shifts buffaloes undertake to meet their nutritional needs according to forage composition. Additionally, the study identified a significant aspect of buffalo communication behaviour. Observations revealed that faeces and urine marking, containing pheromones, were crucial for group identification and maintaining social cohesion. These findings underline the complex interactions between foraging, communication, and ecological adaptation in buffaloes. The study concluded that creating artificial forage habitats could enhance forage accessibility and buffalo protection, contributing to sustainable farming and the global economy. By understanding and addressing foraging challenges, the agricultural sector can improve buffalo productivity and ensure their well-being, thereby fostering long-term sustainability