Synthesis and performance of lithium/sodium iron-based silicate cathode prepared by a facile vibratory ball milling-assisted solid-phase method

Designing hybrid battery systems based on Li/Na co-existing silicate framework with synergized lithium's high energy density with sodium's economic advantages is still challenging. Herein, a series of Li _{2 −  x} Na _x FeSiO ₄ (where x  = 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0) cathode materials were constructed through vibratory ball milling-assisted solid-state synthesis. The optimized sample at the composition x  = 0.25 showed a single-phase monoclinic P2₁-Li₂FeSiO₄ phase, with exceptional electrochemical performances. By contrast, higher sodium contents ( x  ≥ 0.5) resulted in dual-phase mixtures of Na₂FeSiO₄ and Li₂FeSiO₄, along with some undesirable impurities of Li₅FeO₄ and Na₆Si₂O₇. The electrochemical characterization revealed that the introduction of sodium ions in the de-intercalation reaction increased the interfacial charge-transfer resistance ( R _ct ) due to the Na⁺ barrier, but also significantly improved the Li ⁺ diffusion coefficient ( D _Li⁺ ), suitable for enhancing ionic utilization efficiency for an optimized specific capacity. Overall, strategically incorporating sodium at lithium sites can effectively increase the storage capacity while reducing dependence on lithium resources for economical energy storage devices.