Co-Production Dilemma and Governance Optimization for Sustainable Management of National Wetland Parks in China：Evidence from Shandong, Province

Exploring problems and their optimization paths in the management and conservation(MC) of National Wetland Parks(NWP) holds significant importance for the sustainable development of wetlands. This article employs Grounded Theory(GT) method to examine the formation mechanism underlying co-production dilemma in Bin Hu Wetland Park(BHWP) of Shandong Province. Research found that this mechanism is composed of factors such as an incomplete policy instruments combination system(PICS), residents' dissatisfaction, lack of social organizations' participation, and tourists' misconduct. Among them, an incomplete PICS is the key reason for emergence of other mechanism factors. Residents' dissatisfaction mainly stems from their economic loss and the various challenges brought about by their lifestyle changes. The lack of social organizations' participation led to the limited cognition of wetland functions and the lack of community social capital. The tourists' misconduct caused conflicts between local residents and tourists. The combined effect of these factors resulted in poor economic, ecological, and social benefits of BHWP. Finally, this article puts forward advice from the perspective of developing community economy and enriching community governance methods. This article incorporates the management problems of NWP into co-production theory, elucidating the formation mechanism of co-production dilemma and expanding the research theme of co-production dilemma.